Following two successful editions, the third edition of GIS: A Computing Perspective has been completely revised and updated, with extensive new content reflecting the significant progress that has been made in the realm of GIS within the last 20 years. Major new topics covered for the first time in this edition include: graph databases and graph query languages, ontology engineering and qualitative spatial reasoning, geosensor networks and GeoAI, decentralized computing and online algorithms, and critical GIS and data sovereignty.